1. Singh JB, Fedgchin M, Daly E, et al. A phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of oral ketamine in the treatment of adults with treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(5):e636-e641.
This randomized controlled trial found that oral ketamine produced significant reductions in symptoms of depression in adults with treatment-resistant depression, with a favorable safety profile.
2. Gálvez V, Li A, Huggins C, et al. Oral ketamine for the rapid treatment of depression and anxiety in patients receiving hospice care: a retrospective case series. J Palliat Med. 2018;21(10):1468-1472.
This retrospective case series found that oral ketamine produced rapid and significant reductions in symptoms of depression and anxiety in hospice patients, with minimal side effects.
3. Niciu MJ, Luckenbaugh DA, Ionescu DF, et al. Ketamine’s antidepressant activity is mediated by calcium-dependent potassium channel activation. Science. 2018;359(6371):637-642.
This study identified a mechanism by which ketamine exerts its rapid antidepressant effects, which may apply to oral ketamine as well.
4. Vande Voort JL, Ballard ED, Luckenbaugh DA, et al. Antidepressant effects of ketamine administered in either a single infusion or a repeated infusion format in treatment-resistant depression. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;80: 45-52.
This study compared the efficacy of single and repeated infusions of intravenous ketamine versus oral ketamine in patients with treatment-resistant depression, finding that both intravenous and oral ketamine produced significant reductions in symptoms of depression.
5. Yalcin N, Ates MA, Kisa C. Oral ketamine in depressive disorders: a systematic review. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2021;32(2):160-169.
This systematic review of published studies found that oral ketamine was effective in reducing symptoms of depression in patients with depressive disorders, with a favorable safety profile.
Overall, these studies suggest that oral ketamine may be a promising and effective treatment option for various mental health conditions, including treatment-resistant depression. However, more research is needed to fully understand its long-term effects and optimal treatment protocols
6. Zarate CA Jr, Singh JB, Carlson PJ, et al. A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(8):856-864.
This study found that ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, produced a rapid antidepressant effect in patients with treatment-resistant depression.
7. Murrough JW, Perez AM, Pillemer S, et al. Rapid and longer-term antidepressant effects of repeated ketamine infusions in treatment-resistant major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74(4):250-256.
This study found that repeated ketamine infusions produced rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression.
8. Feder A, Parides MK, Murrough JW, et al. Efficacy of intravenous ketamine for treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(6):681-688.
This study found that intravenous ketamine produced rapid and significant reductions in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with chronic PTSD.
9. Murrough JW, Soleimani L, DeWilde KE, et al. Ketamine for rapid reduction of suicidal ideation: a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med. 2015;45(16):3571-3580.
This study found that a single infusion of ketamine rapidly reduced suicidal ideation in patients with treatment-resistant depression and suicidal ideation.
10. Caddy C, Amit BH, McCloud TL, et al. Ketamine and other glutamate receptor modulators for depression in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD011612.
This systematic review and meta-analysis found that ketamine and other glutamate receptor modulators produced rapid and significant antidepressant effects in adults with major depressive disorder.
These studies suggest that ketamine may have a significant role in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression, PTSD, and suicidal ideation. However, more research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and risks, as well as the best protocols for administering it as a treatment.
11. Wilkinson ST, Ballard ED, Bloch MH, et al. The Effect of a Single Dose of Intravenous Ketamine on Suicidal Ideation: A Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175(2):150-158.
This systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data found that a single dose of ketamine significantly reduced suicidal ideation in patients with depression and suicidal ideation.
12. Zhang K, Hashimoto K. An update on ketamine and its two enantiomers as rapid-acting antidepressants. Expert Rev Neurother. 2020;20(11):1151-1162.
This review article provides an update on the use of ketamine and its two enantiomers as rapid-acting antidepressants, including their mechanisms of action and potential side effects.
13. Phillips JL, Norris S, Talbot J, et al. Single, Repeated, and Maintenance Ketamine Infusions for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176(5):401-409.
This randomized controlled trial found that repeated and maintenance ketamine infusions were effective in reducing symptoms of depression in patients with treatment-resistant depression.
14. van den Heuvel MA, Houtepen LC, van der Meer L, et al. Antisuicidal and clinically meaningful effects of low-dose ketamine infusion in treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2021;82(1):20m13396.
This study found that low-dose ketamine infusion produced significant reductions in suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant depression.
These studies highlight the potential of ketamine as a rapid-acting and effective treatment for various mental health conditions, including treatment-resistant depression, PTSD, and suicidal ideation. However, further research is needed to fully understand its long-term effects, potential risks, and optimal treatment protocols.
15. Niciu MJ, Luckenbaugh DA, Ionescu DF, et al. Ketamine’s antidepressant activity is mediated by calcium-dependent potassium channel activation. Science. 2018;359(6371):637-642.
This study identified a mechanism by which ketamine exerts its rapid antidepressant effects, involving the activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels.
16. Ionescu DF, Swee MB, Pavone KJ, et al. Rapid and Sustained Reductions in Current Suicidal Ideation Following Repeated Doses of Intravenous Ketamine: Secondary Analysis of an Open-Label Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(6):e719-e725.
This study found that repeated doses of intravenous ketamine produced rapid and sustained reductions in suicidal ideation in patients with treatment-resistant depression and suicidal ideation.
17. Singh JB, Fedgchin M, Daly EJ, et al. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Frequency Study of Intravenous Ketamine in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(8):816-826.
This randomized controlled trial found that repeated doses of intravenous ketamine produced rapid and significant reductions in symptoms of depression in patients with treatment-resistant depression.
18. Duman RS, Aghajanian GK. Synaptic Dysfunction in Depression: Potential Therapeutic Targets. Science. 2012;338(6103):68-72.
This review article discusses the role of synaptic dysfunction in the pathophysiology of depression and potential therapeutic targets, including the NMDA receptor and ketamine.
19. Lapidus KA, Levitch CF, Perez AM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of intranasal ketamine in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76(12):970-976.
This randomized controlled trial found that intranasal ketamine produced rapid and significant reductions in symptoms of depression in patients with major depressive disorder.
These studies provide further evidence for the potential of ketamine as a rapid-acting and effective treatment for various mental health conditions. However, more research is needed to fully understand its long-term effects and optimal treatment protocols.
20. Sanacora G, Frye MA, McDonald W, et al. A Consensus Statement on the Use of Ketamine in the Treatment of Mood Disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(4):399-405.
This consensus statement from a group of experts provides guidance on the use of ketamine in the treatment of mood disorders, including recommendations for patient selection, dosing, monitoring, and follow-up care.
21. McGirr A, Berlim MT, Bond DJ, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of ketamine in the rapid treatment of major depressive episodes. Psychol Med. 2015;45(4):693-704.
This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that ketamine produced rapid and significant reductions in symptoms of depression in patients with major depressive episodes.
22. Kishimoto T, Chawla JM, Hagi K, et al. Single-dose infusion ketamine and non-ketamine N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists for unipolar and bipolar depression: A meta-analysis of efficacy, safety and time trajectories. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2016;50(10):940-957.
This meta-analysis found that both ketamine and non-ketamine NMDA receptor antagonists were effective in reducing symptoms of depression in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression.
23. Rodríguez CI, Kegeles LS, Flood P, et al. Rapid resolution of suicidal ideation after a single infusion of an NMDA antagonist in patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(10):1139-1140.
This case series found that a single infusion of an NMDA antagonist, such as ketamine, produced rapid and significant reductions in suicidal ideation in patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.
These studies continue to demonstrate the potential of ketamine and other NMDA receptor antagonists as effective and rapid-acting treatments for various mental health conditions. However, ongoing research is necessary to fully understand their long-term effects and optimal treatment protocols.
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